A proliferation of digitally manipulated photographs coupled with political propaganda has helped to usher in the post-truth age.

The news is constantly awash with stories reporting on – and arguably amplifying – public anxieties over youth and media. The anxieties concern violence and video games, gaming addiction, internet and mental health, and teen suicide.

But also, what if the studies are kinda flawed in the first place?

1) Design can make it difficult to discern fact from fiction
2) Data and visual journalism may oversimplify matters
3) Political perspectives shape our trust in media
4) Local journalists are the frontline for combating this
5) Cultural implications are also important

Concerns over radicalisation or sexual exploitation have made children one of the most monitored groups on the planet, especially online.

Google is launching an educational program designed to teach kids about phishing, internet harassment, passwords, and other internet safety issues.

An appropriate answer by journalists and civil society in the aim to combat violent disinformation and radical messages means more than only reaction or correction: It means to activate our communication, innovate our way of story telling, to know the echochambers and the stories which are told there – and to know which our own narratives and stories are to counter the rumors, hate messages and violent images of radical sources.

Unfortunately, the concept of ‘humanitarian news’, whilst commonly used, is seldom defined. In an attempt to provide some clarity, we offer three distinct definitions of humanitarian news: (1) news about humanitarian crises and actors, (2) news adopting a humanitarian ethic and (3) news as humanitarian practice. These categories concern the nature, ethics and purpose of journalism respectively – or the ‘what’, ‘how’ and ‘why’ of news.

Here’s a list of initiatives that hope to fix trust in journalism and tackle “fake news”. There’s a lot. I’ve tried to collect an extensive list of projects, initiatives and tools created to fix trust in journalism and false/fake news and misinformation. This also includes efforts and initiatives around verification.

There are some possible pathways for reducing fake news. The article identifies three courses of action that can be taken in the immediate future.

What is fake news? Is it it something that is fiction being presented as fact? An opinion posted as a news story? Or is it simply any news story that you don’t like? It seems that the last one is really what many mean, especially when an article or outlet is being shouted down on twitter or called out on Facebook.

Open society media camp has lost the information war with the often inarticulate, yet vociferous, populist lot. To gain back the trust of the masses, they have to learn a more popular language.

The crowd-funded news platform aims to combat fake news by combining professional journalism with volunteer fact checking: “news by the people and for the people.”

Almost anyone can use the worldwide web to be a media outlet, so how will we differentiate between truth, myth and lies?

A popular meme of the last few years is the social media “filter bubble” — the idea that services like Facebook and Twitter serve to reinforce users’ biases by feeding them content with which they are already inclined to agree.

“Should we still think of news as a separate space, as a specific type of information?”

And while there are plenty of fact-checking organizations, unless you are looking for their data, you aren’t likely to see it.

Recent political and security-related developments have increased the focus on, and concern over, the use of biased and deceptive information as a tool to exert strategic influence. The growing emphasis on countering the manipulation of information calls for an equally attentive approach to the usage and definition of the terms involved.

Mark Little, founder of Storyful, on what the digital economy of news would look like if it was optimized for trust.

Why the challenge facing traditional publications isn’t one of revenue but one of culture.

Whereas recent research indicates that a majority of people have difficulties determining when news is fake, the EU’s steps towards countering this growing information challenge are still tentative.

Tom Rosenstiel, executive director at the American Press Institute, thinks it may be time to rethink this model. Local newsrooms especially, he suggests, should make “the key unit of fact-checking not a claim or a fact, but an issue.”

Many experts fear uncivil and manipulative behaviors on the internet will persist – and may get worse. This will lead to a splintering of social media into AI-patrolled and regulated ‘safe spaces’ separated from free-for-all zones. Some worry this will hurt the open exchange of ideas and compromise privacy.

“When people see news from a person they trust, they are more likely to think it got the facts right, contains diverse points of view, and is well reported.”

Schools should teach young people about how to identify "fake news", says the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's education director.

Predators of press freedom have seized on the notion of “fake news” to muzzle the media on the pretext of fighting false information. Nonetheless, many of them have taken recent statements by President Donald Trump as a means of justifying their repressive policies.

We need to start serious conversations about systemic social challenges, rather than tinkering with their effects.

“Fake news is being used as a key weapon to fight truth. And the digital advertising paradigm is helping to fund it, in fact I’d go as far as to say that it rewards it,” he said.

The media of the world may be facing a crisis more serious than a media economy in free fall, a crisis involving the foundations itself: Trust. Not the trust in the single newspiece or the single publication, but the entire idea of editorially controlled news mass media.

The facts on why facts alone can’t fight false beliefs.